Image To Voice Converter Is Software Computer Science Essay

Image To Voice Converter Is Softwargon Computer Science analyseImage to Voice transfigureer is softw ar or a wile to recognize an division and convert it into human office. The conception of the conversion is to go forth communication aid for craft state to aw beness what the reject in their hand or in precedent of them. This converter is also worthy for children at the age of three until six years old for aboriginal education part.In this forcing out converter, it consists of symbol impact and depoture gene symmetryn. For an take care bear on, it is a series of calculation proficiencys for analyzing, re stooling, compressing, and enhancing films. When an disapprove is inputting, an figure of speech will captured by means of and through and through and through s posteriorning or webcam probe and manipulate of the stick extinct, accomplished exploitation divers(a) specialized parcel applications much(prenominal) as MATLAB and output like a printer or a monitor.Image touch on has roughly(prenominal) techniques, including guide coordinated, KNN (K- hot Neighbour), vergeing and and so forth For the guide duplicate, it is a technique for strikeing minor(ip) illogical of an moving picture to match with the template examine it is also physical exercised to pose printed characters, numbers, and early(a) sm either, wide-eyed intents. KNN (K-Nearest Neighbour) is an algorithm that discharge work in truth thoroughly in practice and voiced to understand. It is also a lazy algorithm that does non use the gentility selective entropy points to do any generalization. as salubrious as, thresholding technique is bingle of the most important approaches to mental calculate breakdown. It is a non-linear ope dimensionn that potbelly converts a olden-scale go for into a binary take to.The purpose of take in processing in this objectify is to outline of a picture using techniques that git identify shades, color and relationships that shagnot be observed by the human eye. Be boldnesss that, an frame processing is employ to solve identification problems, i.e. in forensic medicine or in establishing weather maps from satellite photos. It assigns with mental images in bitmapped artistry form that reserve been scanned in or taken with digital cameras. For expectant gene ration is to generate a well-grounded through windowpane sound library or play a wav file from computer.Problem recordNowadays, some visu al unmatchedy impaired peck still using blind mans stick to sense the road of the direction and object in front of them in this society. With just only a plain stick and a pair of screened eye, it is difficult for a human to get sense of their direction. Probably, they would not know what the objects around the people which had been blinded eye. As we can see the economy nowadays is getting worse, most of the people or family members were getting busy on their busy work life they charter no extra duration to spend on the handicap people to give them a good care. In this spokesperson, for all the handicap people especially blind people, they gift to get use to it on their alimentation style. In revision than that, this product is also avail fitted to help the small kids to better(p) the ability on punctuateing or differentiate the daily use objects. This is the reason why the product menti iodind above was obtained.Project Aim and accusiveThe aim of this determine is to experience an Image to Voice converter which able to recognize an image from the webcam and thence convert it into sound by window sound library or wav file with good feat. To achieve the chief(prenominal) objective of this project, there are sub-objectives lead to be carry through as fol minorer-rankingsTo develop a unique image recognition algorithms for sets and colours for real time application using MATLAB.To contemplate the sufficeance of the image recognition algori thm in term of trueness and time processing.To develop an algorithm to convert recognized image to voice using MATLAB.To analyze the bring aboutance of image to voice conversion algorithm.Test the performance of the disagreeable loop embrasure for the image and sound processing converter organisation.To develop Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the image to voice converter for case of user finding.Project Scope/LimitationThe scope of this project is to construct a unique image to voice converter within a period of time at cost not to exceed RM200. Referring to this project, it consists of hardware which is webcam and computer software which is MATLAB. The body of this project is to capture an image using webcam, then recognize an image and generate a sound using MATLAB with several(prenominal) techniques. This product specially created for visually impaired people or to improve small kids learning capability. thither was few restriction of this project which undertake as fo llowsShape limitationColour limitationResolution limitationDistance limitationLiterature ReviewImage processing is a technique to convert an image into digital specification and go through some actions on it, so as to get an enhanced image or to collect some advanced information from it. It is a manakin of signal exemption in which input is image, like video cast or photograph and output may be image or features related with that image. Frequently, image processing institution consist of treating images as 2 dimensional signals epoch applying already set signal processing techniques to them1. For the image recognition process can be divided into several algorithms which are image acquisition, image pre-processing, image air division, image representation and image classification. For the image acquisition, it is a digital image that captured by one or a few image sensors, such as conf utilise types of get by- fond cameras, reach sensors, tomography devices, radar, ultra-so nic cameras and etc. According to the type of sensor, the outcome of an image data is an generally twain dimensional image, a three dimensional capacity, or an image order. The pel valuates usually correspond to strength of light in one or a few spectral bands, except can also be involved many physical measures, such as depth, absorption or reflectance of sonic or electromagnetic waves, or nuclear magnetic resonance.Image pre-processing is one of the algorithms that can annex the dependability of an optic inspection. This algorithm can be categorized into both(prenominal) categories which are image enhancement. Image enhancement requires intensifying the different features of images either for display or analysis targets. The enhancements techniques are edge enhancements, noise sifting, magnifying and sharpening an image. several(prenominal) filter operations which ontogeny or reduce certain image features allow an easier or refrainer evaluation. For examples, mean filt er, median filter, wiener filter, and etc. With continuous use, an image will becomes degraded and has many errors. Image redress is the process utilise to restore the degraded image. This process is also used to correct images read from different sensors that show up murky or out of focus2.Next, image segmentation is performed to assemble pixels into salient image areas, for example, areas synonymic to specific get alongs, objects, or inherent sections of objects. variance could be used for object recognition, occlusion boundary affection within motion or two-channel systems, image density, image editing, or image database. The traditional image segmentation order acting can be divided into several techniques including gray threshold segmentation method, edge ex pathwayion method, arenaal growth method and split consolidation method and etc. Threshold technique was applied in this project. It is a technique that deals with gray-scale images. For the moment of the act upo n of noise or gleaming, it can be assumed that the majority of pixels belonging to the objects will chip in a relatively low gray- take, whereas the land pixels will flummox a relatively high gray-level. For example, Black is represented by a gray-level of 0, and White by a gray-level of 255. found on this observation, we can divide the pixels in the image into two dominant groups, according to their gray-level. These gray-levels may serve as detectors to distinguish amid background and objects in the image. On the other hand, if the image is one of smooth-edged objects, then it will not be a pure blackened and white image hence this would not be able to find two distinct gray-levels characterizing the background and the objects. This problem intensifies with the existence of noise3. In order to all overcome the ill influence of noise and shading, there are two methods that can solve this problem which are Otsu know as orbiculate Threshold and region known as Adaptive Thr eshold.For the image representation, all information is special Kly represented in binary. This is real of images as well as numbers and text. However, an important differentiation needs to be fix between how image data is shown and how it is stored. Displaying includes bitmap representation while storing as a file includes many image formats, such as jpeg and png4. There are few techniques for image representation which are Roundness ratio known as Circularity, Fourier forms and etc.The intent of the image classification mathematical lick is to sort all pixels in a digital image into one of several land cover categories, or themes. This categorized data may then be used to deliver thematic maps of the land cover present in an image. Ordinarily, multispectral data are used to carry out the classification and truly the spectral pattern present within the data for each pixel is used as the numerical basis for categorization. The purpose of image classification is to determine and describe, as a distinct gray level or colour, the characteristics occurring in an image in terms of the object or kind of land cover these characteristics practically express on the ground5. The technique for this algorithm is using template matching and KNN (K-Nearest Neighbour).Table pertainity of image sensors for image acquisition6, 7Types of Image Sensor potential weakness1Webcam allow face to face interaction low cost sluttish to use low law of closure not portable no optical zoom lenses no auto-focus2Digital Camera high resolution portable with batteries has optical zoom lenses has auto-focus high operating speed slight durability battery consumption faster high cost many colonial useFrom the Table 1, it can be seen that both image sensors prepare its own strengths and weaknesses. This research will more focus on webcam receivable to this image sensor is using for this project. Webcam can be used to connect with computer to capture an image for image recognition. O n the other hand, it is easy to use and cheaper compare with digital camera which is more complex and high cost. However, the megapixel of digital camera is higher than webcam...Table likeness of several types of filter for image pre-processing2, 8Types of filterStrengthWeakness1 median(prenominal) filter more robust more smoothing provide good results keeping consuming complex numeration2Mean filter intuitive simple to use smoothing not good in sharpen images unresistant to negative outliers3Wiener filter short computation time controls output error straightforward to design results often too woolly-headed spacially unalterableFrom the Table 2, it can be seen that all filters have its own strengths and weaknesses. This research will focus on two types of filter which are median filter and mean filter. median(prenominal) filter have been chosen for this project is because median filter is more robust on average than mean filter and so a not representative pixel in a neighb ourhood will not influence the median judge significantly. Since the median value needs to be the value of one of the pixels in the neighbourhood, the median filter does not establish advanced unrealistic pixel values when the filter straddles an edge. This is because of the median filter is better at preserving sharp edges than the mean filter. Also, median filter removes the noise level more than mean filter.Table Comparison of threshold techniques for image segmentation 9, 10Threshold TechniquesStrengthWeakness1Otsu fast ease of steganography easy to use less sensitivity assumption of uniform illumination does not use any object structure or spatial coherence complex computation2 vicinity produce a good result less computation store consumption time consumption sensitiveFrom the Table 3, it can be seen that both techniques have its own strengths and weaknesses. Otsus method, named after its inventor Nobuyuki Otsu, is a global threhold that consists of many binarization algor ithms11. This method involves iterating through all probable threshold values and computing a measure of propagates for the pixel levels each side of the threshold, i.e. the pixels that can be falls in background or sidle up. The purpose is to find the threshold value where the total of foreground and background propagate is at its minimum. Neighbourhood which known as adaptive threshold is used to separate desirable foreground image objects from the background base on the difference in pixel intensities of each region. The differences between both methods were Otsu uses a histogram to threshold the image and the Neighbourhood method uses a histogram to threshold the pixels in a small region/neighbourhood around the pixel. In addition, Otsu methods suffer less errors occur that are caused by the sensitivity of the local algorithms to image noise compare with the Neighbourhood methods.Table Comparison of the two techniques for image representation12Techniques of Image Representat ionStrengthWeakness1Roundness Ratiovery fast algorithmscale, touch and rotation invarianthigh accuracy if image shape can be preserved properly after segmentation hypersensitised to errors if object shape is changed due to improper segmentation2Fourier Descriptor medium speed produce a good result low computation cost overcome the weak discrimination abilityscale, position and rotation invariant difficult to obtain high order invariant moments cannot deal with disjoint shapesFrom the Table 4, it can be seen that both techniques have its own strengths and weaknesses. Roundness is defined in term of a surface of revolution like cylinder, cone or sphere where all attach of the surface alternated by any plane vertical to a common axis in case of cylinder and cone are equal in distance from axis. As the axis and centre do not exist, measurements have to be made with consultation to surfaces of the figures of revolution only. The circularity of the delineate is to measuring roundness 12. Fourier Descriptors are used to describe the feature of contour of shape. It was founded in the early sixties last century by Cosgriff and Fritzsche. According to the Fourier analysis theory, Fourier coefficients can be often generated by Fourier transformation. Lower frequency coefficients have the general shape of the signature, and higher frequency coefficients have the more information about the shape. As the harmonic amplitude and the phase angle can represent the Fourier Descriptor, and Fourier coefficients are usually normalized by dividing the beginning(a) Fourier coefficient separately. Because there are some fast algorithms in computing the coefficient of Fourier series, many recognition systems in machine vision using these coefficients as shape features.Table Comparison of several techniques for image classification 13-15Techniques for Image ClassificationStrengthWeakness1 template Matching easy to implement high class of flexibility high accuracy of detection sha pe limitation computation speed susceptible to scaling and rotation2K-Nearest Neighbour easy to implement very effective improve accuracy improve run-time performance poor run-time performance if the training set is round very sensitive outperformed by more exotic techniques3Neural Network pick at energy hold up high accuracy easy to use parlous curse of dimensionality set consumptionFrom the Table 1.5, it can be seen that all techniques have its own strengths and weaknesses. This research will focus on two techniques which are Template Matching and K-Nearest Neighbour. The standard template matching technique is known as simple mechanism, high accuracy of detection, and is used as a general framework assessment and error estimation. Hence, it plays a very important role in image processing, and is commonly used in object detection and recognition. But the contradiction between rapidity and accuracy is exceptional. The main factors affecting rapidity are searching calculation, and operations of template matching. Appropriately decreasing positions and similarity computing precision can increase the speed of template matching obviously. That is becoming a focus in this field. Many studies focus on improving the searching algorithm, decreasing the matching times by decreasing the matching points on the template of images, which need to be detected so that rapidity is realized. The typical algorithms are gain algorithm, genetic algorithm and so on. Each matching operation is ground on the template matching, thus it is necessary to pay attention to improving the computation speed of template matching fundamentally14. The intuition underlying Nearest Neighbour Classification is quite straightforward, examples are classified based on the class of their nearest neighbours, it is often useful to take more than one neighbour into account so the technique is more commonly referred to as K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) Classification where k-nearest neighbours are use d in determining the class. Since the training examples are needed at run-time, i.e. they need to be in memory at run-time it is sometimes also called Memory-Based Classification. Because induction is delayed to run time, it is considered a Lazy Learning technique13..Analysis on Similar Products and Paper Literatures ad-lib Image to Voice Converter by Takaaki HASEGAWA and Keiichi OHTANI16In this paper, the authors propose a new speech communication system to convert oral image into voice, Image input Microphone. This system synthesizes the voice from only the oral image. This system provides high security and is not affected by acoustic noise, because substantial utterance is not always necessary to input. Moreover, since the voice is synthesized without recognition, this system is freelancer of languages.Simulations to convert oral image to voice about Japanese vanadium vowels are carried out as basic investigation. A vocal parcel area function is imagined from the oral image, and PARCOR discount filter is obtained from the vocal tract area function. The PARCOR synthesis filter is bear onn by a instant train. The performance of this system is evaluated by hearing tests of the synthesized voice. As a result, audible voice has been synthesized and the mean recognition rate of Japanese five vowels has been 91%.This paper describes a system to convert oral image into voice with considering humans lip-reading ability. In the proposed system, the voice is directly synthesized only from the oral image without recognition, and actual utterance is not always necessary to input. They use both the feature of a tongue and the feature of lips obtained from the oral image. Therefore this system is not affected by the acoustic noise, and simultaneously, it provides high security because of no utterance input capability.The system structure of this product is using a vocal tract area function which is equivalent to the transfer function of the vocal tract as a param eter. Indirect means synthesis via the vocal tract area function. The vocal tract area function is obtained from the PARCOR analysis of speech signals, and speech signals are synthesized by inverse processing of PARCOR analysis. Therefore if the vocal tract area function is estimated from oral image signals, they can convert the oral image to the corresponding voice. Human utters various voice by changing the vocal tract, and each articulator moves not individually but cooperatively in utterance, It is generally known that the information of reefer is obtained from lip-reading.Software ComparisonTable below shows that the two comparison of the software between MATLAB and C++.Table Comparison of software between MATLAB and C++17Types of SoftwareStrengthWeakness1MATLAB easy to learn fast numerical algorithms inexpensive software fast development slow processing complex computation2C++ mature standard large community fast complex computation difficult to debug low level programmingF rom the Table 6, it can be seen that both types of software have its own strengths and weaknesses. MATLAB is software that has been widely used in image processing and computer vision community. Multiple image analysis function has been build into this software it is very useful image analysis tools for end user. C++ is a standard template library (STL), computer graphics, and image processing. Based on C++ template mechanism, the library accepts all C++ build-in types as the image data, although certain functions are only valid to subset of build-in types. MATLAB has been selected due to the project analysis characteristic. MATLAB version R2010b will be used to analyze the image quality and performance in this project.Project MethodologyThis project has been divided into hardware and software. For the hardware section is the webcam as the input and speaker unit as the output. For the software section is using MATLAB to recognize image to sound with several image processing techniq ues.Block DiagramWebcamImage Segmentation(Thresholding)Image Acquisition(Acquire image)Image Preprocessing(Median filtering)MATLABImage Representation(Roundness Ratio) fundamental propagation(WAV file)Image Classification (Template Matching using KNN)SpeakerFigure 1 Block diagram of Image to Voice converter.The block diagram shown in Figure 1 is the basic concept on the system interface that needed to be carried out. Base on the block diagram, first alert a webcam. Then, capture the image in front of the webcam. later on that, perform a median filtering in image pre-processing using MATLAB. It will filtered discarded signal or noise inside the image. Next is image segmentation, referring to the publications review, the most suitable method is using Otsus method in thresholding techniques to convert grayscale image into binary image to do segmentation. Secondly, find the largest object and do the image representation using roundness ratio to calculate the ratio of the largest ob ject to determine which one is the nearest to the template ratio. Next tip is image classification, using template matching with KNN techniques to find the small part of the image to match with the template image.After matching done, it will automatically generate a sound from the computer with WAV file.Flow Chart offshootAcquire image from webcamPerform median filteringColour Space noveltyThresholding using OtsuImage labellingFind the largest objectImage Representation-roundness ratioTemplate matching using KNNIs the image matched?NoYesGenerate SoundFigure 2 Flow chart of Image to Voice converter.Based on Figure 2, before the beginning of image recognition, first, acquire an image in front of the webcam, and then the acquired image will go through image enhancement process to perform median filtering to filter some unwanted noise and sharpening the image. After that, the image will perform a colour space conversion which is convert the image colour space to another colour space , i.e. RGB, HSV, YCbCr and etc. The purpose of converting the colour space is to discipline that the converted image to be as same as the assertable to the original image. Next, perform a threshold technique using Otsus method to calculating a measure of spread for the pixel levels each side of the threshold. The reason of doing this is to separate the objects from the background. Once the thresholding technique is done, perform a image labelling by taking the outside lines in the image and label them as occluding the background. After that, find the largest object and do the image representation using roundness ratio to calculate which object is similar to the template ratio. Then, perform a template matching techniques to find a match between the template and a portion of the image. The template that most closely matches the object is then found using the KNN method to do a matching system with the database image. If the data is matched, it will generate a sound automatically by using MATLAB to load the wav file from the computer or laptop. After that, it will repeat the procedure starting from the first step. If the data is unmatched, it habit generate a sound and it will go back to the first step and repeat the procedure again until the data is matched.Projects MethodMedian FilterMedian filters are nonlinear rank-order filters based on surrogate each element of the source vector with the median value, taken over the fixed neighbourhood of the processed element. These filters are widely used in image and signal processing applications. The purpose of median filtering is to removes impulsive noise, while keeping the signal blurring to the minimum18.Otsu MethodOtsus method is a widely used method of segmentation, also known as the maximum infra-class variance method or the minimum inter-class variance method. This method involves iterating through all the doable threshold values and calculating a measure of spread for the pixel levels each side of the th reshold, i.e. the pixels that either falls in foreground or background. The aim is to find the threshold value where the sum of foreground and background spreads is at its minimum11.Roundness Ratio/CircularityRoundness is defined as a condition of a surface of revolution like cylinder, cone or sphere where all points of the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common axis in case of cylinder and cone. Since the axis and centre do not exist physically, measurements have to make with reference to surfaces of the figures of revolution only. For measuring roundness, it is only the circularity of the contour which is determined12.Template MatchingThe classical template matching method is charactered as simple mechanism, high accuracy of detection, and is used as a general model evaluation and error estimation. Therefore, it plays a very important role in image processing, and is widely used in object detection and recognition. It is a technique for finding small parts of a n image to match with a database image14.K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN)K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) is a branch of simple classification and reverting algorithms. It can be defined as a lazy method. It does not use the training data points to do any generalization. Although classification clay the primary application of KNN, it can use to do density estimation also. Since KNN is non parametric, it can do calculation for arbitrary assignation19.Project SpecificationThis project is divided into 3 main sections which are hardware, software and project estimate cost.HardwareThe hardware was using for this project is Logitech HD Webcam C310, below is the basic compulsion of the webcamlogitech-hd-webcam-c310.pngFigure 3 Logitech HD Webcam C31020Windows Vista, Windows 7 (32-bit or 64-bit) or Windows 81 GHz512 MB RAM or more200MB hard drive spaceInternet connectionUSB 1.1 port (2.0 recommended)SoftwareThe software for this project is using MATLAB for image recognition and sound generation.Projec t Estimate constituteThe estimate cost for this project is RM89 which was the Logitech HD Webcam C310, because this project was basically software based project and the software to be used is MATLAB from college engineering lab.Gantt Chart

Environmental Factors to Improve Individual Development

Environmental Factors to Improve respective(prenominal) DevelopmentNicoline BromwellScenarios1) A 65-year- venerable female, recently diagnosed with Alzheimers Disease. She has previously been a real lively and vibrant woman, living on her own since her husband of 35 years died 5 years ago.2) A 14-year-old minority female, veneer the very very possibility that she whitethorn be pregnant. She has always struggled in schoolhouse (she has been failed a grade al localise), and is currently a freshman in high school. citation the following questions/issues for for separately unitary of the two scenarios you selected1) How would you design an environment to improve this persons land site and future k immediatelyledge?2) What physique of environmental occurrenceors would hinder this persons rise upment? In other words, what environmental issues would make their plaza worsened, or what would you hope non happen in this persons world?3) Discuss how the person is affected in t he three domains of startment (Biosocial (Physical), Cognitive, and Psychosocial). How might decreases or increases in development/ maturity date/ability affect the person? Basically, do several If/then discussions for each of the three domains. For example, If this woman has a poor psychosocial assist network ( the like perplex no family or having an unsupportive family), then I would think that she may experienceA love one diagnosed with Alzheimer can be very troubling for a family. Alzheimers unhealthiness can be a challenging journey, for all those who argon abstruse both family members and loved ones.Taking financial aid of someone with Alzheimers is overwhelming at times, further the more k promptlylegde and support the private has, the better he/she testament be vigilant for the challenging way ahead and is able to work throughk the best want-term rush options for a loved one.The best environment to divine service the individual development as time progresses would be one that succeed loving accusation whether at home or in a designated facility for Alzheimers forbearings. Firstly, if she is gloss over lucid enough, since shes recently diagnosed I would supercharge her family to allow her wishes squander on paper so theyll be preserved and respected by all members of the family. I would then recommend that the family discuss the situation with her bear upon , keeping in mind her wishes , see what would be the best handling for her. They would then be armed with the k instantlyledge of how to care for that love one.She impart at some time requisite around-the-clock care and family members unremarkably urinate their own health issues, jobs, and responsibilities. I would aim them to communication with each other to make sure that the wants and meditate of the Alzheimers patient is met. If they can non provide the care at home, since she was living alone, she could be relocated to live with a family member, which I would recom mend, although it may be difficult, a care devolver could be employed to care for her and that the caregiver would create the support of the family member to put up her needs. It will be diificult for her and her family as they have to watch her deteriorate slowly, that at home she will be monitored by love ones and closely belike get the care she needs, although as the dis assemble progresses, she may need to be hospitalized in a facility, if it becomes too hard for the family and caregiver. However for immediately the home environment is best.I would suggest that a sense of grammatical construction and familiarity is kept. A daily time for activities much(prenominal) as waking up, mealtimes, bathing, dressing, sharing family time, and bedtime. Keeping these things at the same time and place can pay back a sense of familiarity to her.Let her know what is going to happen make up if thither is no certainty that shell truly understands. Use cues to start the miscellaneou s times of day. For example, when she wakes up you can say, Rise and shine Mary , its another winderful day. At bedtime, you can play some quiet down music or read to her, to indicate its bedtime. in any case get her involved in daily activities as much as contingent, as long as it is safe. For example, water the plants, folding clothing, or any other unsubdivided thing that she can do. These things will not improve her condition. But it will aim in making her more comfortably as she struggles with this disease The most that can be through for her is to make her feel loved.The worse care scenario would be if her family members are not able to get her a caregiver or put her in an institution for Alzheimers patient and they have to take care of her, with little or no facts of life or knowledge of her condition. This would definitely worsen the situation. As her Alzheimers progresses, there will be changes in her communication skills, shell have com hunt decision words, her han d gestures will increase, shell be easily confused, shelldisplay behavior you never would have thought possible. Alzheimers will cause substantial changes in how she behaves, such(prenominal) as kiboshing or inappropriate forthbursts, wandering, hallucinations, and violent behavior. Everyday tasks like eating, bathing, and dressing can become major challenges. This will become forestall for the family members, as they dont know how to wield with it. Imagine observance your mother change before your eyes, worsening daily and you cannot do anything virtually it. The family member rendering care can become overwhelm and depress, he/she may correct start blaming him/herself and may become too embarrass to go out, so he/she may isolate himself, or even harm the patient not unbiddenly but as a result of world overwhelm. At some point, the care giver wont be able to leave her one alone. Nighttime behaviors may not allow the care giver to sleep, confrontational or hard-hitting be haviors may exceed her ability to act or feel safe. As the disease progresses support will definitely be needed and possible placing her in a facility that is better able to take care of her. Therefore, if this cant be done the situation would not be hopeful.Alzheimers disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys reminiscence and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. Cognitive, forcible, and psychosocial development is decreased. There is decline in memory and other aspects of cognition, such as word-finding, vision/spatial issues, and impaired reasoning or judgment, getting lost, trouble handling money and paying bills, repeating questions, taking longer to smash normal daily tasks, using poor judgment, and having some mood and character changes. Shell have problems recognizing family and friends. Shell be unable to learn new things, carry out tasks that involve multiple steps (such as getting dressed), or cope with new situations. People with severe Alzheimers cannot communicate and are exclusively dependent on others for their care. Taking all of this in amity whether if she has a strong or poor psychosocial support, it would not make much of a difference to her as all her cognitive skills are declining and will briefly be gone. Physically shell may soon be bed ridden, penetrating no one and not able to take care of herself. The disease takes everything away from her.A student who is 14 years old facing a real possibility that she is pregnant and struggling in school faces many an(prenominal) challenges. On her own its a frightening struggle. She needs supports, guidance and education, At this time family is very important. Therefore, the prefect environment for her would be one where she feels love and support. She needs someone she can talk to and trust, who can set up guidance and support. Sometimes the father is not present and this is usually the case. She is now frigh tened at the fact that she now has to face this alone, the realization that a new is life growing inside of her is quite unsettling as she is not prepared and she doesnt know how to cope. She questions herself, How am I going to take care of a child?, What are my peers going to think or so me?, How are they going to treat me?, Should I keep the bumble?, I am failing in school, How can I take care of a child? ,Who is going to take care of me? She has so many questions she needs dish getting those answers. She needs help finding herself and paltry into the right direction.The environment that would be ideal for her would have to help her deal with the situation she is in and help with her future development. Firstly I would encourage her to make sure she is pregnant before doing anything else, and if she is then I would help her find someone she can trust and is able to talk to, such as a counselor, a family member or a teacher, so that she can make informed decisions. She would now need to tell her parents and if they are willing to help her, we can start from there. If they were not, she would need someone who is willing to offer support, for example an organization for pregnant teens, where she can relate with others in her own situation, or a supporting relative. When this is accomplished, She now needs to progress school, which will be difficult, but quite necessary, and she needs to decided whether or not she is able to keep the baby, and if she chooses not to, she can have an spontaneous abortion or give the child up for adoption, which I would encourage, then breed on with her schooling.Hopefully, she will learn from her mistakes and get help in order to improve her grades ,therefore doing better in school. If she is with a supportive relative, she can get an after school job to help herself and through education shell have a better future. However, if she chooses to keep the child, which would not be wise at 14, with her social situation, shell need to also finish school and get help in improving her grade. Shell also need a job to help support herself and her child. However if her parents offer to help shell have some support in taking care of the child. Otherwise keeping the child would be a very hard task for 14 years old on her own. Therefore, she would need to make an informed decision taking into consideration what is best for herself and the child.This she would do with the help of a accountable adult. I would advise her if she has no help to give up the child for adoption because at 14 she is a child herself. She is not physically, socially, or emotionally ready to be a mother. It is obvious that she is not able to make responsible decisions on her own, at her age her cognitive skills are still developing. passim the entire process, I would ensure that she has someone to talk to because she needs this kind of support to get through the situation emotionally.As she is being prepared to deal with her situation and faces the coming obstacles in her pathway, I would hope she learns from her mistakes and ingest that this is not the ideal situation for her .If she doesnt then this could have waste impact on her future taking in consideration the fact that she is failing in school. This could be as a result of insufficiency of parental guidance, if they are too busy working or doing something else to see what is happening in their daughters life, she has no extrinsic motivation to excel, and she is obviously not intrinsically motivated , she just does what she wants,or is influenced by her peers and at this age teenagers of course want to explore and try new things, this could be why she is pregnant. outright being faced with and adult issue at an early age,she has to be the one to take her future in her own hand, if she does and decide to move on , she will face , criticism from her peers, and she will stuggle with the fact that she has to give up her first child, she is pregnant at 14, and she faces the danger of herself and the baby being malnourished, or being born with illness and deformity as a result of not having adequate medical care. She also faces a high risk for postpartum notion than adults who give birth, and if left untreated, postpartum depression in a teen can affect her development and her sisters quality of care, if she keeps the child. Shell have to omites school for doctors visit, and she is already failing.. She has to deal with these situation daily, using her teenagers abilities. Hopefully, she is able to overcome these struggles with help from an adult and effectively push with her life. However if she cannot, she may end up pregnant again not having any education. A Guttenmacher Institute study found that a abundant percentage of teen moms often find themselves homeless, in non-permanent living situations, as they move between the homes of friends, siblings, other family members and babys father. So now she may seek the support of the fir st person offering her kindness, and this may not necessarily be a trade good thing, she could end up being used and abused with little hope for the future. Living on the streets, or living with an older man at an early age, prostitution and so much more may result from her situation.Her situation now greatly impacts her Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial development. .During this time the mother is still developing physically, she needs ripe nutrition in order develop properly, now with a baby growing inside her shell need more intellectual nourishment from every food group so that the baby can develop properly, if this is not done them they both could be malnourish causing problem with the baby and placing spare stress on her body. If she drinks alcohol this can cause the baby to develop fetal alcohol syndrome which occurs when alcohol passes through the placenta, causing potential physical and mental defects. However if she is properly nourish then most likely she will de velop fine and her baby will be healthy.Also her cognitive development will be hampers as she will miss school,even drop out and during this stage cognitive development is marked by an increase and missing out will impact the teenagers advancement in knowledge and understanding. Research has shown thatThe dropout rate among teen mothers in the U.S. is high, and this population represents a large percentage of the total high school dropouts. Only most half of teen mothers earn a high school lambskin by the time they turn 22, and earning a diploma may be more difficult for teen moms who have a second child. As a result the teenager is not educated, cannot hold a good job and lives in an impoverish condition.Statistics have shown that this behavior is usually recurrent with the teenagers children.Psychosocial development is also hampered as during this stage of psychosocial development, according to Erickson, teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to rest true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a wonky sense of self.Being pregnant at this stage , the teen as no sense of self or personal identity, she is struggle with the situation, She is identified as a teenage mother, her sense of self is distorted. She is confused, and frustrated and easily debase into situations that may be worse for her. However if she has support and someone to offer good council this situation may change, her self-esteem can be mannequin and she will not look at herself through the eyes of others, but she will see her potential and see the present situation as a learning experience.

The cholinergic drug

The cholinergic doseA cholinergic medicate is a dose that acts on the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system, or both and enhances the set up that are mediated by acetylcholine. It is also know as cholinergic broker, parasympathomimetic dose or cholinergic admirer. 12 It bay window work in 2 ways both acting this instant by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine at one or more acetylcholine sensory receptors gift in the body, or acting indirectly by blocking/inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholine that is responsible for the degradation/ hydrolysis of acetylcholine. 12Depending on the type of receptor to act on, cholinergic drugs are either classified as muscarinic agonists or nicotinic agonists. 6Anticholinergic drugsAn anticholinergic drug is a drug or an agent that competes with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine for its cover version sites at synaptic junctions thereby suppressing or inhibiting its employment and thus preventing the transmission of parasympathetic expression impulses. 34Depending on the type of receptor to act on, anticholinergic drugs are either classified as muscarinic antagonists or nicotinic antagonists. 6Pilocarpine (Chemical systema skeletaleula=C11H16N2O2) institutionPilocarpine is a by nature occur smother alkaloid which is extracted from the southwest Ameri force out shrub named Pilocarpus jaborandi. It is a non-selective cholinergic parasympathomimetic agonist that binds to muscarinic-M3 receptors and proceedsants in densification of smooth muscles and stimulation of various exocrine glands. 5The drug is avail able-bodied-bodied in the form of eye drops, tablets, suspensions and gel. It has a s paltry oncoming of natural process which is somewhat 10 to 15 minutes but has a longer duration of action of about 6 to 8 hours, and accordingly can be given thrice a day. It is inactivated at neuronic synapses and in plasma and is excreted in urine.Pilocarpine can be utilise in combination with other sympathomimetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, miotics, beta-blockers, or hyperosmotic agents. 8 taleIn 1875, Mr. Gerrard observe pilocarpine from the leaves of Pilocarpus jaborandi. At that time, he believed that there were at least two alkaloids premise in this lay. At the same time, M. Hardy disjointed pilocarpine.In 1876, the isolated pilocarpine alkaloid was introduced to conventional ophthalmology for the management of glaucoma.1879, Straws, while doing an active research concerning the sudoriferous secretion in cases of facial paralysis, was the first to employ local medication with pilocarpine and published germane(predicate) results.Chemical price reduction of pilocarpineAlthough pilocarpine looks same a simple molecule but it has a complex chemical synthesis. This is because of the stereospecific construction of the imidazole moiety that is cis to the ethyl free radical group on the butyrolactone ring which makes its synthesis difficult and challenging. The starting reagent for its synthesis is 2-acetylbutyrolactone which belowgoes selenenylation by reacting with phenylaelenenyl chloride to gain a seleno lactone 2-acetyl-2-(phenylselenyl) butyrolactone with a afford of 94%. This is thus subjected to oxidative elimination of selenoxide in the presence of cyclo-pentadiene and hydrogen peroxide to produce a mixture of endo and exo bicycle ketones in a ratio of 2.31. Pyrolysis (flash nothingness thermolysis) of these ketones produces a white solid 3-acetyl-2(5H)-furanone with a yield of 95%. This ketone is thence reduced under mild conditions by treating it with an asymmetric reducing agent (+)-?-chlorodiisopinocamphenylborane, which is use peculiarly for chiral reductions, to produce (3R)-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2(5H)-furanone in 60% chemical yield and an optical purity of 92% that was determined by NMR analysis. Next, a stereo nucleus is introduced at C4 of the (3R)-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2(5H)-furanone by the Claisen rearrangement at i ts vinyl ether which produces an exocyclic double bond and the (4R)-acetaldehyde ramp chain. Both of them are necessary for the makeup of the imidazole ring. This will result in a 21 mixture of (4R)-(Z)-dehydrohomopilopic aldehyde and (4S)-E-diastereomer in 71% yield. Hydrogenation of (4R)-(Z)-dehydrohomopilopic aldehyde in the presence of pyridine/benzene (11) solution at 25?C at 1atm for 1 hour produces (3s,cis)-Homopilopic aldehyde. Finally, when (3s,cis)-Homopilopic aldehyde is reacted with 1,5-disubstituted imidazole under aprotic conditions, it results in the formation of pilocarpine in 61% yield. 9Structure-activity relationship (SAR)The north on the imidazole ring is protonated before interacting with the muscarinic receptor. There is a strong ionic interaction between the charged due north atom and an anionic side group of an aspartate counterbalance in the receptor. The methyl substitute on the nitrogen is positioned in an string out region of the binding site. Hydr ogen bonding interactions exist between the ester group of pilocarpine and an asparagines residue of the cholinergic receptor. A small hydrophobic pocket exists in the receptor site which can accommodate the methyl group of pilocarpine. The drug has a correct pharmacophore for the muscarinic receptor with a separation between nitrogen and oxygen being 4.4?A. 6 appliance of actionPilocarpine is a direct acting cholinergic agent that resembles acetylcholine and therefore binds to the same muscarinic neuroreceptor and results in its stimulation. In eye, it causes contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and therefore results in reduction division (pupil constriction).clinical usesPilocarpine has been used in the treatment of both acute closed-angle and chronic open-angle glaucoma. 8 Glaucoma is a condition when the sedimentary contents of the eye cannot be drained. This result in increase intraocular pressure which causes optic nerve damage and can caterpillar tread to side vision da mage (peripheral vision damage) and if not treated, can result in central vision damage and channelises to irreversible blindness. 6Pilocarpine is also used to treat xerostomia which is a condition characterised by dryness of the literal mucosa. The drug acts on cholinergic receptors in the glandular parenchyma thereby increase the salivary secretion. 7Pilocarpine hydrochloride (Salagen) tablets are prescribed to the patients suffering from Sjgren syndrome (SS) in order to treat their symptoms of xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes). Sjgren syndrome (SS) is a chronic, auto immune, rheumatic disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva. This in scrap makes the individual susceptible to various infections and if untreated may also lead to other complications like bacterial sialadenitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, stomatopyrosis (burning mouth), oral candidiasis, oral ulcers, periodontal disease, accelerated dental caries, corneal ulceration or perforation, malnutrition, weight acquittance and sleep disruption. 5Pilocarpine is also used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF). 8 Cystic fibrosis is a common hereditary disease which is characterised by scarring (fibrosis) and formation of cyst in spite of appearance the pancreas. The disease is characterised by shortness of breath, frequent chest infections, sinus infections, engaging tasting skin, normal appetite but unforesightful growth and poor weight gain, excess mucus production, diarrhea and infertility in males. 14 sudate test method is used to diagnose of disease in which the drug stimulates sweat glands in order to measure the concentration of chloride and sodium that is excreted in the sweat.Pilocarpine is often used as an antidote for Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine poisoning. 8Adverse effectsSince pilocarpine is a non-selective muscarinic receptor anonist, its use can result in a wide variety of side-effects which can include l acrimation, excessive perspiration, excessive salivation, bronchospasm, increased bronchial mucus secretion, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypertension, diarrhea, blurred vision and eye pain, browache and miosis when used chronically as an eye drop. When pilocarpine is used in the form systemic injection, it can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain where it can lead to chronic epilepsy. 13Suggestions for forge of new drugsPilocarpine has significant auction pitch problems associated with its low lipophilicity. Its bioavailability in the eye is low, duration of action is fast due to its rapid elimination from the eye and above all, it has serious side effects like miosis and myopia. Based on the knowledge of dependence of drug delivery with physicochemical properties of the drug, a prodrug approach can be used to rectify the delivery characteristics of pilocarpine. A prodrug should be designed such that it has a higher(prenominal) lipophilicity than pilocarpine which would enable it to cross the corneal membrane with ease, should confine sufficient aqueous solubility so that it could be formulated as eyedrops, should be able to convert back to the active parent drug within the cornea, should have a controlled release and a prolonged duration of action. 10curareIntroductionCurare is a nicotinic antagonist. It is a crude, dried extract from a plant called Chondrodendron tomentosum. 6 It is a mixture of 70 alkaloids. 11 The active principle in curare is tubocurarine (C37H41N2O6). 6The antidote for curare poisoning is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor (anti-cholinesterase), such as physostigmine or neostigmine. 15The drug is available in the form of solutions and intravenous injections. It has an onset of action of about 4 to 6 minutes and duration of action of about 80 to 120 minutes. It is eliminated through kidney and liver.History of curareDuring the sixteenth century, the South American indigenous people used curare as a paralyzing pois on where they killed the prey by dipping the arrows or blowgun darts in curare. 16The prey is killed due to asphyxia in which the respiratory muscles fail to contract. 16In 1780, Abbe Felix Fontana studied the effects of curare on heart, voluntary muscles and nerves and assemble that it affects the voluntary muscles of the body as compared to the other two. 15In 1800, Alexander von Humboldt account the method used by the Orinoco River natives to prepare the curare toxin from its plant source.16During 1811-1812 asa dulcis Collins Brodie (1783-1862), a leading English surgeon, experimented with curare. 16He found that curare paralysed the respiratory muscles but the heart continued to beat for a while. 16He was the first to betoken that if the animals respiration is maintained artificially, recovery is complete. 16In 1850, George Harley found that tetanus or strychnine poisoning can be cured by using curare. 15From 1887 the Burroughs Wellcome sort listed under its Tabloids brand name, tablets of curare at 1/12 food grain (price 8 shillings) for use in preparing a solution for hypodermic injection. 15In 1939, Henry Hallett Dale reported the antagonistic effect of curare on acetylcholine. 15Mechanism of actionCurare is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant that blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The main toxin of curare, d-tubocurarine, is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine and so occupies the same position on the receptor as the neurotransmitter but does not switch it on. The overall effect on the body is the same as it would be in the absence of acetylcholine. 15History of tubocurarineIn 1935, Harold King of London was experimenting on a taste of curare in Sir Henry Dales laboratory and was not only able to isolate tubocurarine in its pure form from the crude drug but also discovered its chemical structure. 16In 1912, tubocurarine was used for the first time in medicine. 15In 1942, tubocurarine was used along with anaesthetics in surgical pr ocedures to relax muscles. 15Structure-activity relationshipThe structure of tubocurarine is shown in fig. Although the molecule does not have an ester group to bind to the nicotinic receptor, but it has two positively charged nitrogen atoms, one of which is a tertiary nitrogen atom while the other is a quaternary nitrogen. One of them binds to the anionic binding region of the nicotinic receptor while the other binds to a near cysteine residue that is 0.9-1.2nm away. Such an intreraction is so strong that it makes up for the lack of the ester binding interaction. Also, the distance between the two positive centres is 1.15nm which is also important for the activity of the drug. 6IndicationCurare is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, 17which is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced against acetylcholine nicotinic post synaptic receptors at the neuro-muscular junction. 18Curare is also used in surgical procedures in association with familiar anesthesia in o rder to facilitate in the relaxation of abdominal muscle muscles when it is not possible with inhalation anesthesia. 12Adverse effectsCurare has unwanted side-effects, the most common of which include hypotension (by ganglion-block and histamine release), bronchoconstriction (by histamine release), skeletal muscles paralysis and asphyxia (impaired breathing). 15Suggestions for design of new drugsTubocurarine has undesirable side effects because it also acts as an antagonist at the nicotinic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. Also, its deactivation depends on metabolic utensils involving enzymatic deactivation and/or excretion, the efficiency of which varies from patient to patient and is particularly poor for patients with low levels of plasma esterases or kidney failure. Therefore, a self-destruct mechanism can be introduced into the design of a new drug for its sufficiently rapid breakdown. If a good electron withdrawing group is introduced on to a carbon that is beta t o the quaternary nitrogen centre, Hofmann elimination is possible under the slightly alkaline pH of blood (pH = 7.4) and body temperature. The electron-withdrawing groups will range to increase the acidity of the hydrogen on the beta-carbon such that it is easily lost. therefore by introducing such a group, the drug is inactivated and is unable to bind to its receptor due to the loss of the positive charge on the quaternary centre and is split into two molecules. Thus deactivation occurs at a unremitting rate between patients. 6

Envrionmental Anaylysis Of Nissan And Renault Marketing Essay

Envrionmental Anaylysis Of Nissan And Renault Marketing EssayINTRODUCTIONThe schemes operating in twenty- archetypical century atomic number 18 characterised by volatile, turbulent, and brisk permutes. The rapid pace of switch overs has 2 positive and negative impact on the drilling pattern of employees in the present env urge onment. More all over, leadership, globularisation, potpourri, flexibility and ne dickensrks argon the major drivers and trends of change management. These trends ready opportunities and threats in the organisation which are illustrated as follows.TRENDSISSUESGlobalisationGlobal vs. Local conversionHomogeneous vs. HeterogeneityFlexibilityFlexibility vs. StabilityNet melt downsInterdependence vs. emancipation jibe to Ghosn (2009), Diversity has different angles which bring things together which are untrod in the corporate environment and in physical world. Moreover, diversity plays an primal role in implementing in effect(p) change and to stay b elligerent in the global environment. The world is so complex and changing at an accelerating renovate therefore the agenda should be driven by diversity and globalisation. However, diversity is not something that can be imposed in organisational nuance and beliefs (Anderson, 2008). Moreover, the intention Diversity is fundamentally united dealing with the change. At present, organisations depend on trail service competent team ups to enhance global competitive edge. However, this type of teams cannot cede expected performance (Ancona Caldwell, 1992). In contrast, labeler utilitarian team ingest collaboration between them. Here, to enhance the performance cross functional teams, they rent to understand the concept of diversity.NISSAN RENAULT AT GLANCECompanyParticularsNissanRenaultVisionenrich nations lifeDrive the changeMissionTo offer exclusive and onwards-looking automotive products and services by ensuring high up quality value towards stakeholders in alineme nt with Renault.To light upon success thorough sustainable growth by safeguarding quality in which company ope judge with its partner Nissan.Date ofIncorporation26th, December, 1933.25th, February, 1899.R fifty-fiftyues (FY 2009)3.35 jillion euro.33.71 billion euro.chief operating officerCarlos Ghosn.Carlos Ghosn.HeadquarterJapan.France.Employees1,75,766.1,24,300.Product Range rail motor machines, Outboard Motors, Forklift Trucks.Automobile, Industrial Vehicles and Financing.SubsidiariesInfinity, Nissan Forklift, Nissan Marine, Nismo, Autech.Automobile Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors.OperatingWorldwide118 countries around the world.Renault Nissan Alliance is an inimitable partnership of two companies combined for performance and created a national automobile group of global scale, signed on March 27, 1999. This alliance based on two main founding principlesBy combining two companies strengths and growth severally and every possible synergies throughout to convey a productive c ome near i.e. Win-Win results.Respecting and preserving distributively companys self-sufficiency of their brand uniqueness and own corporate.The revival externalise divulgeed by an international team of 200 Nissan managers. What this global team has d adept is fully understand the root causes of our current capers and develop solutions that acknowledge Nissan to act decisively ( Ghosn).The revival plan come together propose to develop Nissans business and existence of market and it likewise reduce dinero debt from 1.4 trillion Yen to less than 700 billion and also reduce the follow by 1 trillion Yen by FY 2002.The combination of festering and follow reduction will allow Nissan to achieve a amalgamate operating internet of 4.5 percent of sales by FY2002, (Ghosn). The main and the first goal of revival plan are to return Nissan to profitability for FY2000. patch live cutting will be the most dramatic and telescopic(a) part of the revival plan, we cannot save our focu ssing to success (Carlos Ghosn).Revival plan highlights Nissans dedication to become worldwide achieving growing market share, competitive and profit based on desirable products and brands.This revival plan not totally shows Nissan light upon progress and develop into a strong company over again, but, make Renault as the worlds fourth largest car maker.ENVRIONMENTAL ANAYLYSIS OF NISSAN RENAULTPEST AnalysisFactorsNissan Renault policy- makeGovernment policyImpacted positive on automotive welkin so as to Nissan-RenaultPolicy to promote local manufactures and exportersEconomical terminal of inflationary and deflationaryDue to rise in interest rates , there is hike in prices of oil and car, buying source of customers goes on pick which indirectly affect to the Nissan-Renault.Currency EvaluationVolatility and parlous currency rates affects the operating theater and sales of Nissan Renault.Impact on countries rescueAutomobile industry uses plenty of goods such as aluminum, plas tic, rubber, com upchucker chips, vinyl, textiles, rubber, coppers, iron and steel..SocialPersonality statusAs standard of living of rises, people opt for much luxurious car.PopulationIncrease in existence results in more sales of car.Standards and attitudesDifferent values and attitudes are affects on the customer.TechnologicalTechnological changeThe changing in the technology makes spacious impacts on the product life cycle.InternetNissan Renault has very vast luck to advert their product by on website and gains competitive advantage.OpportunitiesAs Nissan Renault is way back in to the hybrid technology so company unavoidably to adapt this technology. However, hybrid technology is not much old so Nissan Renault should initiates to produce hybrid car.Continue to expand mainly in the developing country particularly in the Eastern atomic number 63 and Latin America. bring in new innovative ideas.ThreatsInstability of fuel prices holds the sales of cars.Purchasing power of the consumer is been affected by the global economy.Competitor growth is been increased in this era for the Nissan Renault.Macro factors such as interest rates, inflation, incomes, recession, and unemployment.LEADERSHIP AND mutation There is no question about the leadership vision of Carlos Ghosn. When he evaluated the revival plan by observing the strengths and weakness. He analyzes the situation by prospect some clinicals that were affecting the company from performing at go take aim. He makes the teams to choose the better methods of achieving the targets. Carlos understand the the objective and vision of Nissan and work burnish was indistinguishable. He clears the strategy and vision in its Revival Plan. The culture of Nissan was homogeneous as they were thinking in the same manner. Though the CEO of Nissan opt for the changes, but the work force did not feel the changes was requirement in the culture of organisation. In order to transform Nissan, there was learn for new cu lture to have impact on the culture of organisation (Nakae, 2005). The cross functional teams has to achieve something in order to delivery of revival plan successfully. For this objective the cross functional teams were form with both(prenominal) car manufacturing organisation and the desired outcome was to equilibrium the cultural values. Cross functional teams are managed by executives appointed by Carlos who are open minded, reliable, culturally diversified. The whole transformation of leadership was to improve the performance of the Nissan. The Cross useful teams were not created to share views and ideas of each culture. However, the motto underneath was to split the vertical barriers in the organisational culture. However, enabling the changes in the organisation cannot ease off assurance of success. The aegis of self-esteem of the particular culture and the identification of organisation must be assured. However, he argues that facilitating change with upholding interest of organisation can wobbly equilibrate act (Ghosn, 2002, Harvard Business Review). The leadership of Carlos Ghosn has characteristic of cultural diversity and with the economic aid of his diversified cultural experience, he extract the cultural differences in organisation. In addition to this, when revival plan of Nissan was implemented, this was stage of performing for the cross functional team. However, the factor which considered as detailed and hurdle in the stage was eastern collectivism and homogeneity of Nissan organisational culture. On the early(a) hand, individual sponsorship with both several(a) teams can be helpful to remove certain barriers to diversity of cross functional teams.CHANGE APPROACHESFollowing are the change resistors and change approaches effrontery by Kotter to Schlesinger (1979) which can help Nissan and Renault alliance in order to successfully implement rival plan.Participation Involvement of people in rung GroupsDecision MakingIncrease Commitm entFacilitation Support inIdentifying safeguardConvincing the Commitment to changeAttitude Behaviour to Change necessity or coercionExplicit or ImplicitWarning for doingsWritten notice for termination on FailureNegotiations Agreements toOvercome oppositionUse of Effective Third-party settlementCommunication Learning about the change byInformingEducatingJustifyingResolving disputesAdjustments Co-operationUse of Power to fulfil bring for adjustmentGrouping Threats and Rewards to fulfilmentWhile implementing this change there faculty be resistance to change at different level in the company as suggested by Kotter Schlesinger ( managing innovation change A critical guide for organisations 2nd edition, Nigel King Neil Anderson 2002).Individual levelGroup levelOrganisational levelREASONS FOR ALLAINCEThe main reason of the alliance was to sharing investment, technology, respective cultures and sustenance each other.The alliance was particularly made on the eagerness of the Ca rlos Ghosn to prospective successful synergy and keep freedom of the operations and culture amongst both organizations.Renault was keen to proffer a general platform for generate development live in important economics such as forming studies prototyping and validation protocols, get and industrial equipment. Which strategy has also been successful and adoptive by several company such as Daimler-Chrysler in the fall in States and Volkswagen and Skoda in the Eastern europium.They also focused on to the improve coordination and cost reductions for Nissan and Renault to the economic point of view.The major advantage of the alliance was both companies able to steps forward in to the foreign market for the instance Renault builds their car in the Mexico plant and to the other hand Nissan able to use Renaults Brazils plant. And also able to use their distribution channels in to the different countries. chthonic the alliance of the Renault and Nissan had agreed to share their compo nents and their locomotives, for the instance Renault is expert in qualification diesel engines and Nissan is expert in making petrol and manufacturing procedure.Moreover, vision of two foreign companies to achieve mutual respect and peruse a common target we ask every single team not to do anything for the other teams. Pursue your own interests, growth and profitability. Because you are doing this, you will look for synergies (Ghosn, www.extra.emeraldinsight.com). This was the most important aspect to support the alliance of Renault Nissan, not merger.NISSAN RENAULT ALLAINCE social organisationRenault Nissan AllianceObjectivesTo be Ranked Amongst Top Three Companys in the look of CustomerQualityValueProduct functionTechnology leadership excellenceEach Region SegmentSustainabilityHigh Profit gross profit margin GrowthRENAULT50%NISSAN50%RNPO Renault Nissan Purchasing OrganisationRNIS Renault Nissan Information Services15%44.3%Revival Plan Major Areas of Cooperation/ChangeC arlos Ghosn was able to induce both the companies toalignand come to following areas of collaboration,PURCHASINGBoth the companies are agreed to tie up their purchasing activities and try to minimise the purchasing cost of raw material. In the year 2001 during the rival plan both the companies were sharing about 30% of combine buying activities where as at present in the year 2009 the cooperation has increased to 100% which indicates the success of this alliance. inquiry and DevelopmentUnder this regards both Nissan Renault both agreed to following two points.Allocate similar stage and components which are not really visible to customers as open body of automotive products in order to achieve the economies of scale and to reduce purchasing end product cost.The platform integrated their efforts by manufacturing cars like Nissan Qashqai Renault Megane and many others which resulted in combine sales of more than 50% in the year 2008.Switch Over Technology ProductionThe connexion enable both companies to swap their technological expertise to create competitive advantage. The Alliance was successful in creating gearboxes together for their combine products. They expertise of Nissan in making gasoline engine and Renault in making diesel engine resulted into co production of different engines.Both companies are moving forward to align their strategies and advanced mechanism in safety, environment performance. They also aims to develop zero emission technology which enable them to focus on voltaic cars by the end of 2010.Cross Cultural Management/TeamsThe unique alliance between Renault Nissan has been working for more than eight years by setting up collaborations in managing culture at all levels as a continuous process of best practices. It is very difficult for Carlos Ghosn to handle the cross cultural tams of Japan France at the same time but with the effective leadership he was able to create more than 30 teams each year.Apart from the above the allia nce has decided to set production standards in both the companies which resulted into increase in the overall sales of the company. Both firms are using each others manufacturing capacities in order to produce mass production which in turn gave core competence in production condenser to both car manufacturers.HOFSTEDE CULTURAL ANAYLSIS Hofstede model of cultural Dimension(source hofstede, (1991), getable at www.ifets.info/journals/5_3/frank.html)Hofstedes cultural dimension helps us to categorize the key going away between cultures. Thus this model was used to evaluate french, Japanese, and European culture. According to Hofstedes analysis there are three cultural dimensions that varies between cut and Japanese culture power distance, individualism and masculinity (Hofstede, 1983).Because of the differences in masculinity scores it would be accepted that Japanese workforce have a different outset of gender in compare to their European and french counterparts. Possibly this c ould direct to tension or pressure between feminine European workforce and Nissan employees. Japanese gender differentiation could also create legal problems due to the anti discrimination legislation in the EuropeA high Power Distance score is directly linked to an autocratic management style. The variation between Japan and France points out that French managers have a more centralised, less counselling approach than their Japanese age group it is also states that average power distance of Europe is low as compared to France and Japan signifying that autocratic style of management in these countries would be strange throughout Europe both the countries have high scores in terms of power distance the Japanese put a high emphasis on the workforce age,( Deller and Flunkert) 1996 state that even capable junior staff will not be stipulation preference over older colleagues. So employees.The significance of superiority is committed with the Japanese principle of lifelong possession wi th many of the employees commit to one firm which they toil for the whole of their life. In comparison the French organise chain of command is based on the upbringingal backdrop of the person. The education system of France is so vastly controlled with the most brilliant student creation conventional to elite schools. Approval to this school is a status mark that prevails through the existence of person with the French perception of accomplishment being judged by a persons family background, educational level and financial rather than by direct accomplishment (Newson -Balle and Gottschalk, 1996). This could lead to disagreement if Japanese disrespect their French counterparts and the French shows lack of respect to their uneducated Nissan associatesA countrys individual signifies the level to which culture underpin person over communal success. However it states that workers work better independently who has high level of individualism in comparison with those low scoresFrance h as the highest level of individualism score compared to Japan i.e. France with 71 whereas Japan with 46. Therefore Nissan in its European operations must give an opportunity for its employees to gain accomplishment. Moreover if it is put into practice in Nissan operation it can escort performance and motivationThe long period of heed signifies a level that the long term goals greater than the short term goals becomes the centre of attraction for the members of society. However it is vital to understand that managers at Nissan should design the strategies by arriving at a logical assurance while working with the RenaultENABLERS AND BARRIERS FOR REVIVAL PLANThe alliance leader of Nissan Renault imposed incremental change through Nissan Revival Plan 01/2. The key driver for the change was to provide Nissan with sufficient market oriented strategies to compete in the market with other larger manufacturers with heterogeneity in their Japanese organisational culture. However, high risk in the alliance was to deal with cross culture value and beliefs of organisation. Nissan was facing problem of product recalling which was damaging its brand image and the other is the lack of diesel technology in comparison with their key competitors. The focus of Nissan was on profitability, cost reduction, innovation in Europe to continue its growth and brand reputation. As the commodity prices poses a threat to Nissan they oppose this problem by making some alterations in their input materials. They have developed a bivalent strategy which is to maintain the equilibrium between individual uniqueness and maintaining their globalized resources. The change magnitude demand and supply in car manufacturing industry by first appearance new innovative model was the critical enabler factor for Nissan to cut their manufacturing overheads, change magnitude purchasing power, reducing bargaining power of consumers to remain presence in the market.The main threats for Nissan is the marke t saturation which effects its growth as the majority of the car sales fell which has make Nissan cant able to make its presence in the European market. The hurdle in this alliance is the culture of the organization which effects the stability and strength of the organization. However, apart from the , the main objective was to create dual citizenship which balanced the equilibrium and support their cultural values and desires to success of the organization.FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS FOR DRIVERS OF GLOBAL CHANGE driveway FORCERESTRAINING FORCETechnological ChangeHuge Investment RD and cost of capitalEconomic IntegrationMore International marketuphill Market in Developing CountriesIncreasing speed of international more domestic competitionCross Cultural ChallengesFalling of Communist fiatFewer Barriers

Enabling the Visually Impaired Individual

Enabling the Visually Impaired Individual3.2 independency in MovementThe most important thing considered as a sense of independence is being able to shine freely. When we loss the force- off to move freely and safely, this is arguable and it is to a greater extent(prenominal) inflicted by blindness. The formulation programs deal OM training is a necessary condition for blind and afflicted souls to sign in them in society and make them interactive with the stack nigh. This ordaining sure enough jock them to move inside and forbiddenside the walls easily. By having such exposures they bequeathing be less dependent on their family and peers. The remaining sense is sharpening with the cooperate of certain types of sensory training. It helps to develop the coordination between the movements and it improves their beatting and standing postures. By such training and improvements in the physical condition of undivided helps them to be accepted by their families and peers in society. (Koestler, 1976)3.3 Social IntegrationDaily activities be performed with mobility for example divergence for most grocery shopping, any common place, any of peerlesss sacred places, to visit many a nonher(prenominal) relatives, friends out in town. Inter- mortalal relations ar built through with(predicate) this process and kick downstairs a chance to individual to interact with other mountain. Both grade and quantity is enhanced through this and results in the integration in the community. If the individual wishs to enhance the social interaction more, he or she can take any(prenominal) transport means and visit their friends and peers out of town and to some far places.3.4 Self ConfidenceSelf- say-so is very helpful in anyones soulfulnessality. When someone is not traveling from places to places, it allow for decrease their confidence level and they will not be able to interact with people easily. They will hesitate to sh are their views and ideas ope n. We observe that people with visual dec business organization in quality will remain mostly in their ho white plagues and live a lonely life. (stone, 1995)They depend mostly on others if they sport locomote somewhere. But if they have self-confidence they will enjoy the freedom of movement independently and enable to perform all such activities without depending on others. This will increase in number of community participation of such infants.3.5 galosh of the IndividualSafety enhances the confidence of the individual but overly the people in his surroundings. It will influence them to have such confidence and become an independent someone in society. It will correct their gait and postures. This will not entirely decrease the number of difficulties an infant is having but in any case to build a self-image in them. Mobility education is very much important, it slip by the young people fit and smart. If they are physically fit they will get more hard training programs.3 .6 Comprehensive RehabilitationTo move independently in society is the first step to be self-employed. They will get a job or an increase in economic rehabilitation or income generation. It is a big step towards the development of self-confidence of one psyche and he will not remain in the home endlessly but also will go out easily. The success of some vocational training programs also enhances the concept, need and demand for an independent travel. It also changes the attitude and thinking level of public towards featherbedment level. (Jane H. Hill, 1986)3.7 Mobility and SportsVery meanmouthed relationship exist between mobility and sports. As we have discussed above training in OM is a first step in promoting sports activities among afflicted mortals. By participating in games they will enhance the society confidence, they will be aware of the economic conditions and it helps the individual to overcome its fear to move roughly in society.4. Mobility TechniquesTo travel safe ly in relation to the environment, a visually impair soulfulness can use one of the weding techniques or a combination at that placeof4.1 Sighted GuideWhen an individual is orgasm a narrow space, for example descending and ascending paths or stairs. They want to be helped by leading a chair or each passing through inletways.4.2 Walking AloneThis is mostly trailing preventative technique. It further includes the trainings of upper and forearm techniques, lower present and forearm technique, localisation dropped articles. Further you can trump use of yours landmark indoors and necessitate taking.4.3 work over TechniquesThis technique includes some pre- rag devices like use of a dogged strap. It also depends on the type of chide we are using, its quality and how to how to refuse a bawl out also matters a lot.4.1 Sighted GuideThe still objective of OM training is to enjoy the freedom the individuals get in movement. It also focuses on the help of other persons under such stakes become inhering part. All individuals who are visually damage person required help in crossing a busy road or if they are moving in such environment in which he or she is not familiar. They mostly find some visuals signs while moving in a herd place.Salient FeaturesSome important silent features are given belowTravelling with a spy companion requires a lot of skills.Training programs should be given to both the impair and sight person.A sighted person should have it off if in any situation how he is going to scarper the impaired person.Family members are needed to know how to use the sighted- execute techniques.Non -verbal communication skills are developed in between sighted or impaired person.Basic techniquesThe guide should stand next to the visually impaired person and face the same mission as impaired person is facing.Infant should know about the guide standing topographic point and he should tap the shoulder of guide from brook.He mustiness(prenominal ) be trained to figure out where the elbow of guide isIndividual must hold the guide hand above the elbow with slight impregnable but the grip should be in that way the thumb is out of elbow.Infant should hold the guide elbow close to his hand and body, half step behind the guide with the shoulders directly in line with the guide.He should be either left or just side of the guide depending on which side he or she is feeling comfortable.When moving through some narrow spaces the guide should move his elbow towards the mid line of the tolerate of the individual. And when the narrow spaces are over both should move back to the normal positions.When the techniques are over, guide should put forward him that some changes are going to be occurring now.For example stop in front of the stairs so the infant is half step behind the guide. at one time climb the locomote in such a normal ways that impaired person is following behind, shift their fishs forward by leaning forward. If ther e are some resistant of railings and banisters up there impaired persons can be made, how to cross them as well. Same process should be followed while moving down the streets.4.1.3 To guide a visually impaired person to sit in a chair, the guide shouldBring your impaired person close to the chair, and place one of his hands on the back of the chair and narrate him that which side is they are facing and in what posture he is sitting.4.1.4 When approaching a doorway, the guide shouldSome possible steps impaired person should take while moving the doorway is Guide should tell the impaired person in which way the door opens.Now open the door with his freehand and transfer the handle to the impaired person hand.Impaired person will pulls it open and follow the steps guide is showing to him. Now take hold of the handle that is on the opposite side, pass through the door, and pull it to close it down.Pre- CautionsThe guide or the sighted person should keep this thing in mind always that the impaired person is honoring his footsteps.Impaired persons should not be pulled from their arms, or push back from their behind. tame approaches should be taken where the steps and curbs are present. If the guide is telling the procedure from sides of stairs thence may be the impaired person will get the wrong directions.When there are some holes or dugs approximately or there is a need of taking a little jump, guide must call it in loud voice and tell about the minor details of width and height of the jump.It is important for guide to tell him before leaving the impaired person at some safer place. It is ripe(p) that if he left him where there is some standing punt around him, like a wall or chair.Infant person should always remain at the back of guide.When moving through the stairs, impaired person should be at the railing side so he can hold it.A guide should know about the prim steps need to train the impaired persons.Impaired person is visually impaired not hearing i mpaired so the guide should use his normal tone for speech.4.2 Walking AloneImportance For visually impaired persons, passinging aloneWalking alone helps a lot to impair person, it will make them familiar to the environment. It will protect them from hitting many objects in their way. This practice will enable them to move alone in society, act as an independent person and unaided person. It will for certain help them to perform their daily routine activities and personal grooming. This will increase their confidence level and they will be master of their own choice. It will prevent them being a dependent on others. They will walk in the pace of life and started to live and feel like a normal person.4.3.4 Qualities of a Good CaneSome qualities that a good cane should haveGood conductivityDurabilityLight weightLow cost,Strength and resilienceCosmetic and elegant appearance flabby availabilityEasy reparabilityMeeting the specific length requirements.4.3.5 Holding the CaneThe impaire d person should hold the cane in any hand in which he feels comfortableWhen individual is holding cane, the thumb must be on the top of cane, his forefingers are in extended trend and the second middle finger is curled behind to support the caneAll other fingers of hands must be relaxed and the elbow is approximately bent near the body.4.3.6 Using the CaneWrist Movement the cane is moved slowly by extending wrists while the tips of hand touching the underseal at every moment of hand.by doing this the arm should not move.Hand perspective the hand that is holding the cane will always remain in line with the body center and in front of the naval of your body. curve the tip of cane should touch the launch a little more widely than the width of the impaired person.In-step by moving one step forward the cane should move in opposite direction i.e. backward. lets take an example to understand this phenomenon, if left foot is moved forwards then the cane will move in the right direction . Similarly as the right foot comes along, cane will move to the left direction.Rhythm the movement of cane should synchronize with the body movements of impaired person. The speed will be the same.4.3.7 Adaptation of the Cane TechniqueThe cane techniques can be modified into several other techniques. Modification will make according to theTraffic conditionsSurface conditionsRural or urban techniques.There are following modifications that are advisable as followWhen the impaired person is walking in urban bowl then he should move in the middle of the pavements to avoid any kind of hazards or harms sometimes found at the corners of the pavements.In busy and crowded areas, the lengths should be reduced and lower the grip by the help of which the impaired person is holding the guide.In some rural areas where pavements are not made properly and rough area is present the lengths can be increased.If the area is muddy, then the length of sweep must be reduced. They will swing the cane to touch the wall, and then they will swing it back to touch the other side. Cane should hit the wall lightly and ground on other side.When person is walking the cane should touch the walls around him.4.3.9 General CautionsIf by any chance the impaired person is interest that he wants to identify the objects that where his cane is located, then at this point the best strategy is to use of his free hand rather than cane.Impaired person should avoid swinging the cane not only on one side because it can be dangerous.In any case if there is any destruction or obstacle located by the cane, that area should be carefully explored by the guide and by and by carefully examined and expiation the next procedure must be take place.It is important to hold the cane in downward direct position and avoid gesticulate in front.If there is any confusion about the position of cane, direction of person or their location, assistance should be provided by the sighted person.The cane impaired person is us ing must not be apply to scare the animals.The cane should be in proper length and that depends on the height of the impaired person.REFERENCESJane H. Hill, K. C. (1986). Dynamics of Syncretic Language. mexico University of Arizona Press, 1986.Koestler, A. (1976). Life after death. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976.stone, L. K. (1995). The Early Americas History and Culture. BRILL, 2002.

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Greek Values :: Odyssey essays

Greek Values and Homers Odyssey       Look final stage in the face with joyful hope, and consider this a lasting faithfulness the righteous man has nothing to fear, neither in life, nor in death, and the Gods go out not forsake him.-Socrates, a Greek philosopher and contemplative thinker. The above excerpt is the basis for Greek belief, demonstrating the respectable Greek citizen. It displays courage and obedience for the Gods in which the Greek world revolved around. Greeks had many traditions and ways of life. Greek human beings played an important role in Greek life including the Gods learn and personality, Greek military ideas, philosophers, and Greek poetry.   The Gods impact and personality had a acquit influence on daily life in Greek society. The Gods arouseister give things A cruel turn, this. Never had I thought to collect this land, notwithstanding Zeus let me see it. (Book 5, Line 426-427 The Odyssey unabridged), however, they can too take things away and curse their people Take yourself out of this island, weirdie thing...Your voyage here was cursed by heaven (Book 10, Line 82-85 The Odyssey unabridged). Greek citizens had to always be considering what the Gods were thinking of them. The Greeks knew that whatever the Gods gave them, they will just as easily take everything away. By knowing the nicknames of the Gods, readers are able to steady down their personalities. Throughout The Odyssey, Athena, Roman name Minerva, is often referred to as the Grey-eyed goddess. This explanation can account for her cleverness and her bright, scheming eye. Athena is constantly changing shapes and disguises, but the cunning eye, stays constant. Another example of one of the Gods personalities, is in the myth of Athenas birth. The personality of Zeus shines. It displays Zeus constant lust after female mortals. in that location are many other displays of Zeus lust. Many half mortals are the youth of Zeus, due to his flirtatious attitude.   While the Gods were a very important thought of the Greeks, so was war and militaristic power. These values can be seen in Thucydides The Funeral Oration of Pericles, which explains a battle of the Peloponnesian War. And we have not disregarded to provide for our weary spirits many relaxations from toil.